For women, secondhand smoke can be nearly as harmful as direct smoking. Studies show that inhaling tobacco smoke regularly:

Weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off HPV (the main cause of cervical can.cer).
Disrupts the reproductive system, raising the risk of complications such as premature birth.
Increases the likelihood of developing breast can.cer, respiratory illnesses, and cardiovascular disease.
In short, every cigarette a husband lights up also increases his wife’s risk of serious health conditions — including cervical can.cer.

2. Refusing Protection During Intimacy

Condoms are among the most effective ways to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including those linked to cervical can.cer. When used correctly, condoms are up to 98% effective in preventing transmission.

Still , many men refuse to use them, citing discomfort or reduced pleasure. This decision exposes their partners to HPV and other infections that can directly damage cervical cells.

Some couples rely on hormonal contraceptives instead. While these are effective at preventing pregnancy, long-term use has been linked to a higher risk of breast can.cer. A large study from the University of Copenhagen found that women who used hormonal contraception for more than 10 years had up to a 38% increased risk of breast can.cer compared to non-users.

The healthiest way is to combine safe contraceptive practices with STI prevention — not one at the expense of the other.

3. Pressuring Intimacy During Menstruation