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At the center of public anxiety is the prospect of a third world war. Unlike previous conflicts, a modern global war—particularly one involving nuclear weapons—would not simply redraw borders or shift power balances. It would threaten life on a scale that permanently alters civilization itself. Optimists point to deterrence, treaties, and rational self-interest as barriers against such a catastrophe. More cautious observers counter that history is filled with wars sparked not by long-term planning, but by miscalculation, pride, and moments where restraint failed.